The Death Of Lord Of The Flies By William Golding

Let it Burn The warmth of a fire will grow cold, the brightness of a fire will turn black and ascend in the air as dark clouds, and the smell of nature will eventually be smothered by smoke. When a fire is alive, it is mesmerizing. However, when it dies, it is hardly hypnotizing. Obviously, one is better than the other. Unfortunately, the boys in Lord of The Flies seem to blur the line between life and death. What is one murder here and one murder there? As long as the one doing the killing is not dying too, right? Well what if it is? As more and more lives slipped out from under them, the fire was dying, along with the boys’ humanity and chances of being rescued. The fire in Lord of The Flies symbolizes both life, and death. The boys use the smoke of the fire to signal that they need rescuing, but they also use the fire to obliterate both man and animal. Ever since the beginning of the novel, Ralph was fixated on keeping a signal fire going because that was the only hope that they would be rescued. In order to do this, the boys gathered all the dry wood they could find, and used Piggy s glasses to start a fire. When Ralph first introduced the fire idea, he said, â€Å"If a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make smoke on top of the island. We must make a fire† (38). After this statement was made, the boys all chanted in agreement. For in the beginning of the novel, they all wanted to be rescued, they all wanted to survive, and most importantly, theyShow MoreRelated Struggle Between Good and Evil in William Goldings Lord of the Flies1186 Words   |  5 PagesGood and Evil in William Goldings Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚   Evil is not an external force controlled by the devil, but rather the potential for evil resides within each person. Man has the potential to exhibit great kindness or to rape and pillage. In the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding deals with this evil that exists in the heart of man. With his mastery of such literary tool as structure, syntax, diction, point of view and presentation of character, Golding allows the readerRead MoreApa: Comparison Between the Hunger Games and Lord of the Flies1576 Words   |  7 Pagesgroup and individual survival between the Hunger Games by Suzanne Collin, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, and the 1990 film of Lord of the Flies directed by Harry Hook. BY: Becky Coutlee April, 23, 2012 D.Smith Comparing and contrasting the similarities and difference of group and individual survival between the Hunger Games by Suzanne Collin, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, and the 1990 film of Lord of the Flies directed by Harry Hook. â€Å"And while the law of competition may be sometimesRead MoreWilliam Golding1565 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Gerald Golding published his first book in 1954 at the age of forty-three. 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Many writers view the Lord Of The Flies as an allegory, as societal topics such as politics make appearances throughout the text. InRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1044 Words   |  5 PagesSimilar to most literary classics, William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies contains allusions to the Christian Bible and character archetypes that convey universal ideas. Golding’s story focuses on a group of British schoolboys who are stranded on an island and ultimately succumb to their innate savage tendencies. Literary analysts often compare components of Lord of the Flies to various aspects in the Christian Bible. For instance, the setting in Lord of the Flies is often linked to the Garden ofRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1389 Words   |  6 PagesA response to Lord Of The Flies Imagine an airplane crash. The heat of flames scorch passengers’ backs in addition to the wind burning their faces. Lucky, this crash was over water and near an island so most passengers survive, with an exception of the airplane staff and the pilot. Even though alive, many are in fits of fear and panic, and others are in shock. After hurried deliberation, a lone member of the group is elected leader in hopes that they will calm the panic, and make the hard, but necessaryRead MoreAllegories In William Goldings Lord Of The Flies885 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolutionized his field with his model of the human psyche. According to his model, the mind is divided into three aspects: the id, ego, and superego. William Golding’s allegorical novel, Lord of the Flies, employs these three aspects of the psyche through intricate characterization representing the concepts of id, ego, and superego. Lord of the Flies tells the story of a group of young British boys who are stranded on an island in the South Pacific. They become trapped when their plane is shot downRead MoreLord of the Flies Nature of Man1726 Words   |  7 PagesLord of the Flies: The Nature of Man William Golding’s Lord of the Flies is a gritty allegory of adolescence, innocence, and the unspoken side of human nature. Countless social issues are portrayed, however one of the most reoccurring is the nature of man. Throughout the novel there is an ever-present focus on the loss of innocence amongst the boys, shown by the deterioration of social skills and their retrogression into a barbaric form of society. Also portrayed is the juxtaposition of a cruelRead MoreWilliam Golding Research Paper838 Words   |  4 PagesMay 2012 Through the Eyes of William Golding William Golding was an amazing and artistic author. His versatile writings, visionary view on life, and the way he inputted subtle and special hints of his religious views are what made his career. Goldings life began on September 19, 1911 when he was born in UK, St. Columb Minor to a Mr. and Mrs. Golding. Alex Golding, his father, was a schoolteacher. While Mildred Golding, his mother, was a suffragette. Although Golding was born in St. Columb MinorRead MoreFear Vs Macbeth1147 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavior. Macbeth’s nature is greatly altered after the death of King Duncan provokes his desire to become king. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies explains how the fear of the unknown is the source of survival instinct in everyone. The murders of Simon and Piggy bring unorthodox chaos upon the island, turning the young boys against each other. Together, Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Golding’s Lord of the Flies illustrate consequences derived from the deaths of influential characters and from irrational behavior

The Evolution of English Churches Free Essays

string(32) " during the carving of the axe\." The development of English churches The English churches which are emerged during the epoch of different reigns and its architectural features are a alone country of survey. It varies in many facets from other manners of architecture every bit good as the stuffs used. The period from 600 AD to 1900 AD was the period in which the different architectural manners were emerged. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of English Churches or any similar topic only for you Order Now It starts with the Anglo Saxon period to Victorian period. It is a huge country of survey in which the picks of construction were selected based on many grounds like influence of households or swayers, handiness of stuffs etc. Each and every period was landmarks of the architecture which influenced in the building of English churches within the cultural boundaries. During the reign of different emperors, the fortunes for doing different assortments in the building of churches became a tendency and it created different architectural manners. Every manner has difference in many facets and the workers followed the forms in similar mode on all the buildings in that period. Anglo Saxon period The Anglo Saxon period started from 600 AD to 1066 AD. The plants which carried out during this period depicts the influence of Roman business in the Britain. Later it became the far making manner of architecture spread to some other parts of Europe. The relatively geographical isolation, the distribution and handiness of edifice stuffs and workingmans contributed to this manner of British architecture which we call now as Anglo Saxon period. The influences can be seen particularly in the Basilica program, the Celtic program, etc. All the earliest churches which were built here whilst Britain belonged to the Roman Empire and in the southern parts where the influence of the Christianity predominated for long afterwards were in the basilican manners. Outside the southern England these were seldom found during the terminal of 7th century. The digging work which was carried out at the Roman town of Silchester, Hampshire, revealed a 4th century Christian church of this type. Augustine’s foremost cathedral at Canterbury has similar characteristics of St Peters basilica at Rome. Each Anglo Saxon church had its ain distinctive characteristics which is the ground the current province of each church is different other than its land program. The churches were low, unpretentious and purely functional. That is the difference of Anglo Saxon edifices with the replacements. The best sanctum crosses are done with rock in this period which are shown as an illustration of early Christian art in the northern portion. The favorite subjects of the Anglo Saxons were animate beings, birds, foliages, vines and scriptural characters. The workers chiefly worked with cocks and chisels. The church walls look strong and solid though they were non truly thick. Quoining was another characteristic of the Anglo Saxon walls in which the rocks will be placed on top of the other at the point where two walls met. Towers at this period were square, rectangular or round in form. It reaches a upper limit of 70 pess. They were non professional in building techniques that they could construct traversing towers on pies and arches. The Windowss were little and the church was affected by conditions jobs. Glass was available but it was really expensive because of its foreign beginning. Most of the Windowss were directly sided and unit of ammunition headed. There were cells built under the organic structure of the church which is called as the crypts. These were found in the edifices which were built by the well traveled missionaries. This was a convenient topographic point to hive away, exhibit and were besides used to conceal hoarded wealths or sacred relics which were collected during the pilgrim’s journey. The crypts walls were thick and were divided into differentiated countries. These were the peculiar characteristics which were subsequently became treatments and hallmarks of the Anglo Saxon architectural manner. During its broad heritage of more than 5 centuries the manner made its grade in the history of British church building every bit good as the overall architecture of the British edifices, though it varied in assorted countries of England. The Norman and Transitional period These were another noticeable period which played a major function in doing the elegant manner of the British architecture. The Norman period extended from 1066 AD to 1160 AD and the Transitional period was 1150 AD to 1200 AD. Like the Anglo Saxons, the architecture in Normandy where they developed a manner of Romanesque which has its ain regional and local features. Edward the Confessor made the Norman architecture implemented in the ecclesiastical affairs. The Council of London, 1075, moved dioceses to big Centres and at that topographic point cathedrals were started in Norman manner. This tendency was ended by the male monarch William II who made great demands on the church architecture. Until 12th century the Anglo Saxon church art and sculpture was far advance than the Norman architecture. The first church which is built in Norman manner after the conquering of were solid looking and solemn, and was virtually barren of any coloring material or ornament. Norman architecture was developed in the late 30 old ages of the 11th century as it did in Normandy, but the church edifice rushed in front. The overall thought was to supply every small town with a topographic point of worship and as a consequence every medieval church will stay Norman in beginning. The ornamentations were unusual including the beak caput which was a favorite signifier of ornament, which take us into which is used in adorning truss tabular arraies. The caputs of firedrake, birds, animate beings etc were given a long beak or pointed mentum which extended over a convex modeling to turn over below. The Norman walls were holding rubble infilling between the teguments of appareled rocks and were looking midst and solid. The faces had shots which were made during the carving of the axe. You read "The Evolution of English Churches" in category "Essay examples" Buttresss were introduced in this period which was meant chiefly for projecting from land degree against the exterior wall, in contrast to the Saxon pilasters which appeared at many points on wall surfaces. They were rather apparent built in one phase with upper surfaces inclining towards the corners. The towers were no longer provided as the chief entryway to the church, whereas it is used as the domination portion of the church which is noticeable than anything in the environment. The Normans developed a technique for back uping the cardinal tower with wharfs which is placed merely at the angles, which became the best advantage of the tower design. Towers were fundamentally built in rectangular or square base but may be built round where there is a deficiency of stuffs. The Windowss were extremely setup carbon monoxide related with the exterior wall surface, but were used as a natural visible radiation beginning. The doors were decorated with sanctuary arches which were the most dramatic characteristic of the eleventh and 12th century architecture. The perpendicular boards of oak were used as the door elements which was battened horizontally and press sets were given outdoors. The chief designs used by the Normans for their founts were round unmounted, round mounted on a cardinal root with several other supports which his either used for functional capacity whereas the square unmounted is normally thick cornered and is holding cardinal root. They carved the objects which they were most afraid of every bit good as the objects they like the most with lasting stuffs. In this period legion cosmetic thoughts were developed which was begun with petroleum carving and a figure of regional manners were evolved. In the transitional period the builders and the Masons were seeking for new ways of showing their development accomplishments. The usage of axe was replaced by chisels and cocks which made a new tendency and gave good consequences. The first transitional pointed arches were constructional which was non seen earlier. Sometimes the unit of ammunition headed arches and the pointed arches were placed side by side in such a manner that one can see how short a infinite of clip that latter took consequence. The highs of towers in this period increased and the gaps which were round in form besides contained some pointed arches. The transitional period may be otherwise called as the transmutation period from Norman to the Early English period. The Early English period It was the period in which the Victorians liked the least but for which they accorded the descriptive term ‘first pointed’ was curious to England in the old ages between Romanesque and geometrical Gothic. This period extended from 1200 AD to 1300 AD and was a glorious age where the British ecclesiastical plants started to do its English manner. In this period the barbarian enthusiasm in the architectural positions and beliefs were dominated by the echt spiritual ideas. It was influenced by the reigns of Richard ( 1189-99 ) and John ( 1199-1216 ) and their ideas made much alteration in the buildings at that clip. By the starting of 13th century the church has become rectangular or cruciform in its land program. The builders have got an thought how to manage burden and structural strains by the clip of this period in 13th century. They did experiments on the burden facets and a new assortment in the building techniques was created. The most abiding design in this period was crocket. The design was influenced by the classical capitals of abroad which was altered and made in the concave hook form with shafts and had a lobbed visual aspect. On the borders of arches and goons the Canis familiaris caput was sculptured and was the precursor of the designs in the 14th century. In some countries the churches were little and tower less. The wall doesn’t have much greater thickness to maintain them up and back up the weight from above. The walls still had a rubble masonry construction but the cognition gained by the Masons helped to better a batch in the structural parametric quantities. The realization of the mistakes in the old building plants made noticeable alteration in the walls and even in the arrangement of window. The form of window was changed to indicate headed and it extended to the tracery. The buttresses projected more from the wall than earlier and were extended above the land degree to an extent. They were largely straight sided and the borders were chamfered. The twine classs were little and elegant which can be seen throughout the edifice and had about tantamount characteristics which they were resembled. The Decorated The first Edwardian epoch was another aureate period which the Victorian loved the most for its pureness. They called this period as in-between or 2nd pointed when the church architecture resembled the Gallic constructions in the 14th century. This period started by the terminal of 13th century, to be specific 1300 AD and ended at 1377 AD. Though it has similar characteristics of Gallic manner of architecture, it doesn’t peculiarly resemble that in the concluding phase. The imaginativeness and wild thought of the emperors every bit good as the creative persons made the churches more adorned than earlier. They included more seats to the church and made it more secular than earlier. Inside the church societal events took topographic point and became more unfastened to the populace. The internal walls were coloured decently and they covered more with cosmetic elements, whereas the services were made of ritual. Overall cosmetic result of this clip was ne’er been realised. During this clip the building of many churches remained unfinished because of decease of Masons and builders due to blight. Even though these calamities happened, the term decorated genuinely depicted in largest churches. There was non much promotion in the program or executing of the church edifice, but the basic programs of aisled nave, sanctuary, western tower, north and south porch had great alterations in 14th century. Largely the new ornaments were seen in the outside. Large Windowss were inserted in to the sanctuary walls. Normally a big church was constructed with three floors named arcade, triforia and clearstory, whereas in smaller 1s the in-between bed was omitted. There were legion moldings in the 14th century, but were much less undercut than earlier. Crockets became more attractive as they implemented a natural incurvate manner. Interior walls became more decorated in coloring material, whereas the surfaces were non prepared good. Another characteristic was the cyma reversa arch which was applied every bit widely as possible. Buttresss achieved the maximal flawlessness in footings of its proportions every bit good as cosmetic beauty. They were wider than earlier and were holding more jutting visual aspect at the base. Roofs were largely built in lumber and were covered with rock tiles, lead or herpes zosters. Builders tried better ways of structural agreements which was another advantage of this period. It was non until this period and even so none excessively shortly in most countries, that full advantage began to take topographic point of the clearstory, and it became a standard characteristic. Builders started adding parapets which were better treated and has became a major component of ornament. Although some octangular towers were put up, two, three or four phase square program was largely preferred. Cornice was decorated with ball flower, rolling four leaf ornament or little caputs. Windows became another separating characteristic of the church in both figure and size, in a proportion to the available sizes. Windows of little churches had four visible radiations and may widen up to 9 in larger edifices. The outside porches were made reasonably apparent with its roofing at sensible highs and exterior gaps similar to interior room accesss. They may or may non incorporate parapet walls. But will be decorated with heraldry. Some of them were unfastened work lumber porches which were built on rock or wooden base. Doorways became more pointed whereas it varied in size. Pedestals were made in different phases like unit of ammunition, square or octangular with smaller base country. Another flowery illustration was the sides of the bowl which was divided by either the buttress or shaft, which were topped by pinnacles. The base of these was frequently on caputs or knots. Perpendicular age This age was between 1377 AD and 1547 AD when a curious English manner of church architecture was born. This period was the longest in the history than any other periods and had batch of single typical characteristics. In parish churches this tendency was executed by Masons who were non the best but who could get by with its simple lines. They had elegant manners which had beautiful proportioning. The basic perpendicular run alonging continued to widen throughout the edifice. When compared to the cosmetic age, the plants were looking plainer and the inside of the churches became colder. The form of the shadiness, shadow and visible radiation was non affected for the sculpture detailing and Masons concentrated in doing big Windowss in high walls. The shell of the church had become a topographic point for puting dominant characteristics which can be given as an illustration for originative excellence. There was an astonishing rise for the wood worker whose plants were considered every bit as Masons. Voluntary administrations came for supplying community services in the 14th century. Some of them were rich trading administrations who have the capacity to construct their ain chapels or take over a portion of church. The program of the church was made alterations harmonizing to the demands of clubs and persons for chapels and chantries. The nave walls which had protruded from the roof were taken down and reconstruct to include a clearstory. This became an ineluctable standard characteristic of perpendicular churches. Surface was decorated widely where some twine classs were omitted in small town churches smaller in size. Dripstones or label Michigans were returned at the springing of the arch, which were on occasion curved towards the wall and embattled. Walls were built high and was constructed of skillfully shaped ashlars, but weakened in themselves by the extent to which the surface country was reduced to a lower limit in order to suit big Windowss. Spouts were provided for transition of H2O from the parapet keeping. George masons experimented with different parapets and a great assortment of parapets were introduced in this clip. The parapet was constructed in elaborate ornamentation spliting into three parts named get bying set and valance. One of the disadvantages of the dilutant walls was to take slender buttresses still from the walls surface. Diagonal buttresses climbed the tower and corresponded with the phases, be givening to decease into the wall merely below the parapet. Flying buttress was non widely accepted in the state and was on occasion put up the whole length of the nave. The most beautiful roofs were built unfastened and appeared high and broad, had an absence of tie beam. The cock beam roof was considered sole for the eastern states. It support arch bases widening from the horizontal stations to the church caput. Sometimes the larger churches tried to hold a dual cock beam roof and they remained the richest among the extremely decorated 1s. The complicated vaulting was experimented during this period even though it was relatively rare. How to cite The Evolution of English Churches, Essay examples

Managing People and Organisations Globalization

Question: Discuss about theManaging People and Organisations for Globalization. Answer: Introduction Globalization Globalization, a term which defines the changes or modification in the business or its environment or its ethics or personalities aiming towards the development of the organization with respect to the business market across the globe eventually by increasing the global economy. For this process of globalization, the organizations must have to get perfect with its culture that is to be maintained both inside the organization and outside the organization (Anbari et al., 2003). The culture within the organization can be maintained by taking upon consideration about the relations between the people which is again enhanced by required motivation that will give the work environment an inherent uncertainty to live. The people attitude towards the management of time makes this factor an important in going through the organizational culture. Along with these, there are more of the socio-cultural dimensions which add some more factors to the cultural dimensions of the organization (Caligiuri Tarique, 2012). Culture of Organization The culture of an organization or the workforce is said to be the ideas or the customs or the social behaviour of the society or the people. Due to this culture, many organizations differ from each other in various levels and also due to this the workplace or the organizations somehow became successful in getting it expected levels in the global market. Cultural differences use to define communities which comprise of the people or the organization which uses to make the clarity regarding the ethnicity of the organization. Any type of changes in the culture of the organization makes it efficient in adapting the culture of the global market along with the trends and traditions (Cavusgil et al., 2014). Outside the organization, the social culture of the organization is the key distinction of the organization which has its impact on the globalization of the workforce in accordance to make the workforce global according to the international market (Fowler, 2013). These cultures outside the organization are sometimes multifaceted, borderless and can be said to be evolving. By going through the international standards, the organization has must to enhance its value according to the markets need. The culture of an organization that is within or outside always plays a major role in maintaining a happy and healthy environment by going through the promotion of the people by undergoing much communication regarding the ethics of the employees (Ghai Vivian, 2014). The environment outside the organization takes the acknowledgment and acceptance according to the need and trends of the market that eventually affects the behavioural attitudes of the organization and its employees which decide the future of the organization in the global market. As it is known that the existence of the organization in the global market depends on upon its communication which can be said to be a challenge to the company, because due to any issues in the communication there will be the clashes of the ethical and cultural issues of the organizations in the global market (Hill, Cronk Wickramasekera, 2013). So it can be said that the poor communication always leads to poor performance of the organization. The organizations that are competing in the global market get the impact of globalization upon its cultural issues along with the cultural issues of the other company in the market. Organizations Economic Challenges Organizations economic challenges can be solved through the perfect communication with the employees, customers and the most important are the stakeholders who are majorly involved in the taking the organization to a higher level. In the international market, mostly the organizations need to develop their communication to make a suitable place in the market for the proper growth in the business, for which the companies need to develop their relationship managers along with the subordinates that can be able to manage the issues that come in the international market (Matthews Thakkar, 2012). Researchers have been shown that the companies those are having a good amount of cross-cultural communication always leads to getting a more competitive advantage which will be helpful in bringing more advantages regarding resources and time span for not getting into any type issues of the inside or outside environment of the organization. Therefore it can be said that the international market rev iew of an organization can get through the proper communication procedure which is intended to prevent the chaos in the market which eventually removes the cultural understandings that are mainly caused by the personal biases and the prejudices. Therefore many of the research papers and the journals are being considered which directly shows the situation of the companies or the organization in the international market. Diwakar Singh in the paper Managing Cross-cultural Diversity: Issues and Challenges in Global Organizations said that the modernization in the global market made the improvements in the organizations by which they had developed many operational ways that will enhance the coordination and motivation and communication in the organization which will be helpful in maintaining the organizational value in international market (Ghai Vivian, 2014). This event made the arrival of the multicultural attitude of the organizations in the global market. In another journal of Relationship between Organizational Culture, Leadership Behaviour and Job Satisfaction by Yafang Tsai, it is said about the cultural values of the organizations which basically made the relations within the organizations involving the behaviour and att itude of the organization on the international market and trends. It says about the interaction within the organization and outside of the organization. Again Lowell C. Mathews and Bharat S. Thakkar in the paper The Impact of Globalization on Cross-Cultural Communication, said about the details of the global business operations of the organizations along with the requirements of that to enhance those ways to improve the basic demand of the organization according to the international market (Matthews Thakkar, 2012). It said that the communication is the major weapon to tackle the issues that emerge in the international market by avoiding or preventing the misunderstandings by the prejudices and the personal biases. In the paper Dynamic cross-cultural competencies and global leadership effectiveness by Paula Caligiuri and Ibraiz Tarique, has mentioned in their write up regarding the data analysis they have done to basically get a good picture of the cross-cultural experiences outside the organization in the environment of the international market (Caligiuri Tarique, 2012). They have further stated that these competences that are raised due to the cross-cultural experiences can be said to be the predictors of the supervisors which values the effectiveness of global leadership. Another book of Human Relations, says about the globalization in accordance with the cross-cultural variation among the organization in the international market. Paper of Cross-Cultural Differences and their Implications for Managing International Projects by F. T. Anjari et al said about the multicultural global business community which makes the clarification about the misunderstandings of the organization in the market and it also makes successful efforts by making good communication within the organizations with much effective, leadership and mutual respect (Anbari et al., 2003). References Anbari, F. T., Khilkhanova, E. V., Romanova, M. V., Umpleby, S. A. (2003). Cross cultural differences and their implications for managing international projects.Retrived from https://www. gwu. edu/~ umpleby/recent_papers/2003_cross_cultural_differences_managin_international_projects_anbari_khilkhanova_romanova_umpleby. htm. Caligiuri, P., Tarique, I. (2012). Dynamic cross-cultural competencies and global leadership effectiveness.Journal of World Business,47(4), 612-622. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Fowler, A. (2013).Striking a balance: A guide to enhancing the effectiveness of non-governmental organisations in international development. Routledge. Ghai, D., Vivian, J. M. (2014).Grassroots environmental action: people's participation in sustainable development. Routledge. Hill, C. W., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013).Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Matthews, L. C., Thakkar, B. (2012). The impact of globalization on cross-cultural communication.Globalization-education and management agendas, 325-340. Wild, J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited.

The Progression of Music Essay Example For Students

The Progression of Music Essay The simplest way of listening to music is to listen for the sheer pleasure. That is the sensuous plane. It is the plane on which we hear music without thinking, without considering it in any way. (Copland, 22). Sometimes, people say music defines who you are and your type of lifestyle. Well for me music does shape who I am and the type of things I like and dislike. In my opinion this happens almost to everyone, I read blogs, talk to people, and we all have something in common. Music is meaningful no matter what type you listen to and theres always going to be something you dont like and someone who likes it; thats the beauty of it. Music even defines what type of people you associate yourself with and are friends with. Thats how powerful music is. Honestly, I cant pick a music that defines me. When I’m happy, I would like to listen on modern pop, but when I’m not happy. I would turn on Pandora app, and listen to classical. Recently, I took a walk around the floor on which I live and asked anyone who I found for their definition of hip-hop. I wasnt able to ask everyone, but I really didnt need to either. From the 15 or so people I asked, I got a similar answer, and each was that which I expected to hear. We will write a custom essay on The Progression of Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some of my friends thought that hip-hop was rap music, others said it was both rap and RB, and only one person had a good idea of what it actually is. Hip-hop is a culture, and there is a common misconception that hip-hop refers solely to a genre of music. â€Å"Music has four essential elements: rhythm, melody, harmony, and tone color. These four ingredients are the composer’s materials† (Copeland, 29). Likes other music, the most widely accepted definition of hip hop music is spoken words with a rhythm of bass, drums, and keyboard sounds. The words are spoken over the music and the accents and emphasis on words is important. Also, hip hop artists would use beats, rhythms, background music, and sometimes exact lyrics from previously recorded songs and incorporate them into their recordings. They often used a machine, known as a sampler, to replicate the existing sounds and tracks. In my opinion, hip hop artists create arts to express their feeling to their audiences. Jazz is the second kind of music that makes me want to do one of two things. â€Å"As one commentator has pointed out, if the idea of rhythm is connected in our imagination with physical motion, the idea of melody is associated with mental emotion† (Copeland, 36). Depending on the mood of the jazz, sometimes I feel like relaxing and just listening to the music and letting it run through me. Other times I feel like getting up and dancing as if I have not a care in the world. The jazz have a variety used by the musicians in dynamic, rhythm, tempo, and many other aspects of music. Jazz instruments included an electric guitar, a percussion set, and an organ. The three sounds were creatively combined to make for a wonderful concert. The first view of the music I recognized was the volume. It ranged from forte during the climactic moments to mezzo piano during the calmer parts, but mostly remained in this range throughout the concert. There were also several instances of crescendo and decrescendo, which served to build up tension or slow the piece down, respectively. The next element I discovered was the pitch of the music. Relatively speaking, I would estimate that the majority of the pieces were on the high side of the pitch, and therefore frequency, scale. The range of pitches was moderate, but as stated previously, mostly higher notes were used. Don’t get me wrong, jazz artists create music arts for beautiful things in life, thus not only for mere entertain. Referring in Chapter 17 on â€Å"What to Listen for in Music,† I would choose traditional Chinese music for Joy Luck Club film. â€Å"Music can play upon the emotions of the spectator, sometimes counterpointing the thing seen with an aural image that implies the contrary of the thing seen. .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .postImageUrl , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:hover , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:visited , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:active { border:0!important; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:active , .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44 .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u843e4da81be45f7a43a215704d0dab44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Listening To Music And Composing My Own Digital Music EssayThis is not as subtle as it sounds† (Copeland 113). Traditional Chinese music often tells about new life, good times, and beautiful hometown and so on. People play it to show their love for country, life, nature. If you listen to the main theme for the movie â€Å"The Joy Luck Club† again. You will have a mixture emotions of the flute and violin melody. For me, it’s the beauty of traditional Chinese music that creates a huge impact to me. In the movie, there are many sad things happen of four Asian women and their daughters reflect and guide each other. My purpose in writing this paper was to let readers know where music came from and how it has influenced the world and shaped it over time. I want people to know how our own society has been changed due to the power of music and the impact it has made on many people around the world. Music has made it possible for many people to do great things with their lives and great things to help the people around the world. Music likes art. It portrait our life in music notes symbol. At last, what do you think if we dont have music? Bibliography: Copland, Aaron. How We Listen.  What to Listen for in Music. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957. 39-45. Print. Copland, Aaron. The Four Elements of Music Rhythm. What to Listen for in Music. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957. 54-64. Print. Copland, Aaron. The Four Elements of Music Melody.  What to Listen for in Music. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957. 65-73. Print. Copland, Aaron. Film Music.  What to Listen for in Music. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957. 203-210. Print. The Joy Luck Club. Dir. Wayne Wang. Prod. Wayne Wang, Amy Tan, and Ronald Bass. By Amy Tan and Ronald Bass. Perf. Tsai Chin, Kieu Chinh, Lisa Lu, and France Nuyen. Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc., 1993.

The eNotes Blog Books On Demand Reinventing the PrintingPress

Books On Demand Reinventing the PrintingPress Last weeks post   spoke a bit about the digital revolution taking place in book publishing. Continuing on that theme, heres an interesting discovery thatin a roundabout fashionwould actually serve to preserve the legacy of printed books: Imagine being able to hold an out-of-print, highly coveted work in your handssay, Lewis Carrolls original manuscript for Alice in Wonderland, originally titled Alices Adventures Underground (1886). Finding a physical copy would be time-consuming, one would imagine. Certainly you couldnt procure one for, say under $10 in four minutes flat, right? Well, actually, you can†¦ In 2007, publisher Jason Epstein, assisted by engineer and inventor Jeff Marsh, released the first Espresso Book Machine to the public. A hybrid photocopier and book binder, this machine has the unique ability to print and bind electronic copies cheaply and quickly. The machine spent its first month in the New York Public Librarys Science, Industry, and Business Library, where the public was allowed to test the machine by printing free copies of public domain titles provided by the Open Content Alliance (OCA), a non-profit organization with a database of over 200,000 titles. Suddenly, Epsteins prediction from eight years earlier seemed to be coming true: that one day, bookstores and libraries could serve as the end of the production line by providing customers with instant prints of the books they want. And with that, On Demand Books  was born. Today, the Espresso Book Machine can be found in 53 locations across 11 countries. One store helping to draw attention to this groundbreaking product is the Harvard Book Store in Cambridge, Massachusetts. There, you can not only procure that rare copy of Alices Adventures  via the stores EBM, fondly named Paige M. Gutenborg, but have it brought to your doorstep by the eco-friendly bicycle delivery service as well (provided you live in or around Cambridge, that is). Yes, it will cost you, to the tune of a whopping $7.10 and four minutes of your time, but for that you get to hold a very rare book of publisher-quality condition in your hands, lovely, warm from the copier, and made exclusively for you. And theres still more to be gained from this machine. Having five million titles, which includes free books from the public domain, at your fingertips may seem limitless, but add to that the capability to print and bind your own work at one of these machines and its potential really is without bounds. Aspiring novelists can print multiple copies of their manuscripts, professionally bound, in almost no time at all. The realm of self-publishing has never been so in the favor of the authors themselves. Since the printing press was first invented, book distribution has largely remained unchanged; an author writes, the publisher prints, a customer buys. Even the purchase of e-books follows the same centralized supply chain, though the access of buying a book anytime, anywhere grants readers a certain power they never had before. But to be able to order a physical copy of a book, even one a publisher refuses to print, is something truly special, and a technology that I hope catches on. Bring on the revolution! Found any other interesting innovations or movements that are revolutionizing the book publishing world? Feel free to share belowwed love to hear your thoughts.

What Did You Do This Summer College Interview Question

What Did You Do This Summer College Interview Question When answering a college interview question about your summer activities, no one is expecting you to be busy every day of the year. Summer is indeed a time to recoup after a busy academic year. Students who treat summer like an 80-hour-a-week job are setting themselves up for burn-out. That said, your interviewer will want to see that you did something productive in the summer. Youll want to show that you seek out meaningful and enriching experiences. A question about your summer activities has similarities to a question about  what do you do in your free time.  Summer, however, is a lot more substantial than a few free hours on the weekend, so your interviewer is going to be looking for something meaningful that youve accomplished during those months off from school. Strong Answers to a Question About  Your Summer Activities Your answer to the question, of course, is going to depend entirely on what you did in the summer, but work to identify a few meaningful activities from your summer break before you set foot in the interview room. Some activities that  will  sound good to your interviewer include: Travel.  Did you go somewhere interesting? A national park, historic site, cultural center, or some other destination that expanded your world view or opened your eyes to new experiences?Reading.  Your interviewer wont want to hear that you spent the whole summer indoors with your face buried in books, but they love to hear about reading. Students who read a lot tend to do well in college. You may even find that your interviewer asks you to recommend a good book.  Work.  Whether you helped on the family farm or cleaned dishes at the local eatery, students who work reveal a level of maturity and responsibility that will impress the admissions folks. Your summer may not be as exciting as a trip to Europe, but colleges truly do value work experience.Entrepreneurship.  This could be related to work, but youll certainly make a good impression if you started your own lawn mowing business, developed a useful app, or did something else that reveals creativity, confidence, and motiv ation.Volunteerism.  Community service and volunteer work play an increasingly important role in the college admissions process, and summer is the ideal time to do meaningful volunteer work. Education.  Did you attend a summer engineering or creative writing camp? Did you take a class at the local community college? Needless to say, colleges want to enroll students who like to learn. Weak Answers to a Question About Your Summer Colleges will want to see that youre not the type of student who lets three months go by without doing anything productive. Answers such as these are not going to impress anyone: I built a really cool world in Minecraft. Good for you, but realize that a lot of students fail out of college because they give video games priority over all else; three months staring at the computer screen represents a rather anti-social- even if multiplayer- and unproductive use of time.  I was burned out from school, so I relaxed. For three months? Also, dont highlight academic burn-out in your college interview. Sure, it happens to most students, but such an answer also sends a message that you get overwhelmed by school work. This isnt what you want to tell a college admissions representative.I hung out with my friends. Having friends is good. Colleges want to admit friendly students who build meaningful relationships with others. But what exactly did you do with your friends? Develop this reply to explain the meaningful activities you did with your friends. Ideally, you did something more productive than cruise the local shopping mall. The list could go on, but you get the idea. Answers that suggest you let the summer slip by without doing anything to enrich yourself or help others arent going to impress anyone. A Final Word About Summer Activities Your answer to the question will obviously be unique to your own interests and activities, and thats largely the point here- make sure you are telling your interviewer about summer experiences that have helped make you the person you are. Show that when you are given the time, youll do something meaningful and productive. In short, show your interviewer that youre the type of interesting, curious, hard-working, motivated person who will contribute to a campus community in positive ways.

Occupational Health and Safety Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Occupational Health and Safety Report - Essay Example This common reoccurrence in this department are heavily expensive in terms of revenue and employees on leave due to workplace injury. I personally think there should be a distinct appropriation sequestered for those types of emergencies. Workplace hazards are an issue within my department in which I must take care of. However, I feel there is lackluster effort on your part in aiding my cause. I pray this composition does not create strife or offend you in any sort but it is my every intention this may be read as a cordial admonishment. Work place hazard regulations have been drafted and implemented in the past few decades in Australia as well as other industrialized countries. The promulgations of such mandates are the byproduct of horrors and abuses of the industrial age. Thus, to prevent and limit the abuses and mistreatment of huge businesses and corporations for its faulty safety methods and little, if not any, precaution procedures, lawmakers has taken initiatives to protect those unable to stand against employers who usurp their less- fortunate employees. Also, labor unions grew to further protect workers hazards and wrongful dischargement. Such efforts to reform safety measures has transcended through the decades to protect workers from hazards the can affect the health of an employee. (www.ohs.annu.edu.au/ohs, 2002) In this composition, an analysis will be done of the regulations and legislations on occupational health and safety. A situation will be used a variable in which the occupational health and saf ety will have to be implemented. Here are the particulars: On Wednesday, October 24, 2007, our receptionist in the Administration Department of the East Coast Secretarial Service, Mary Smith, tripped over an extension cord en route away from her desk. Her misstep caused her to fall heavily on her knee which was a critical insult to her bone and joint. This trauma to her knee prompted edema accumulation. I instructed one of her colleagues who witnessed Mary misstep to accompany her to the hospital. The X-ray results revealed that a piece of the platella has been fractured off the main bone. The prognosis to insults to the body such as these prompts the immediate leave of absence. Hence on this precept, Mary Smith has been given two fortnights of leave and she will be given an extended leave of absence upon further analysis of her knee after her preliminary respite. Events such as these prompted me to address you my concerns about the status of this enterprise. The "lack of uniformity" (www.ohs.annu.edu.au/ohs, 2002) in the regulations can be an impediment toward adjusting to these laws, but I believe this gives us the opportunity to make amends on our own. The recommendations in the British Robens Report (1972) encourages enterprises like ours to use a self-regulation methodology that includes workers and management to improvise the Occupational Health and safety standards set down be the state. (www.ohs.annu.edu.au/ohs, 2002) In chapter 4, section 2, divisions 3 on the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 in regards to work premises, the prefect of the premises are obligated to protect employees from hazardous electrical equipment and appliances. (www.austii.edu.au, 2001) All appliances that places a potential threat to employees (i.e. fires, flaring, overheating) should to be turned off. Appliances that are open in workplace premises and can be a

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF ORANGE TELECOM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF ORANGE TELECOM - Essay Example Its brand Orange Business Services caters to the telecommunication needs of multinational companies and is very successful at that (Orange Telecom, n.d.). Orange grew tremendously over a short spell in the United Kingdom and the rest of the world. It started off as a mobile phone brand and moved on to become one of the leading providers of broadband, content and other related services worldwide. Orange competed with brands like Intel and L’Oreal for the title of World’s most powerful brands by Millward Brown Optimor in 2010 and reached the 50th rank after climbing 14 spots from 2007. Markets like those in Luxemburg and Tunisia have acceded to the kingdom of Orange and this accounts for the huge increase in the customer base of Orange. Orange Telecom’s presence in Africa and Middle East is quite noticeable and includes 19 countries with 60 million customers and 16,700 employees (Orange Telecom, n.d.). Orange France had 80,000 employees at the end of 2010. Orange has a strategic plan called Conquests 2015 under which it will develop a new organizational model in order to improve even more in areas involving well bei ng of employees, economic performance and satisfaction of customers. The prime reason behind this plan is to position Orange as the number one telecom operator in France in terms of customer care (European Network for Women in Leadership, 2011) Profitability Ratios: The gross profit margin for Orange Telecom is showing a rather fluctuating trend from 2006 to 2010. The profitability decreased as it was 59.49% in 2009 and fell to 58.68% in 2010. This fall can be attributed to the fall in revenue as well as the increase in cost of sales in 2010. As seen in the horizontal analysis (appendix), revenue percentage growth is negative in 2009 and 2010 as a result of which gross profit decreased in both the years and so did the gross profit margin. The overall trend for the operating profit margin has been

Christian College Thought Paper Essay Example for Free

Christian College Thought Paper Essay Going to school can offer many experiences. We are taught that we should do well in school so we can graduate, continue on to college, and from there have a job. But what if we went to college where the scholastic dream meant more than just attending your typical classes? What if you not only found yourself, but you found your spiritual path as well? Looking at colleges and finding the right one that offers what you need to succeed after graduation can be a time-consuming task. There are many colleges now, and they all offer something different. Times have changed so much that we can now attend college online. When reading Arthur F. Holmes book, The idea of a Christian College the four main themes I found were; understanding the student life, how liberal arts applies to life, how a Christian college can inspire other parts of your education and the results of education with Christian liberal arts. College Life as a Student According to Arthur F. Holmes book The Idea of a Christian College, many young people attend college or university, and their parents encourage them, without any gripping sense of what college is all about, beyond tentative vocational goals or questionable social aspirations. (Holmes pg 3) Many students are attending college because they have been programmed that way. They show up for class day in and day out, not very sure of the purpose or meaning behind it all. College students in this economy need to have a college education to get a job. Most students become misguided by outside influences of college life and end up partying away their tuition money. The  social scene becomes more important when the focus is lost. There is a lot of stress put on a new college student from the beginning of the registration process all the way to the classroom. So how do you choose the school and stay on track for success? Looking into a Christian college, you might think, Why choose a Christian college over a secular college? Its distinctive atmosphere should support an education that cultivates the creative and active integration of faith and learning, of faith and culture. (Holmes pg 6). With the idea of a Christian college, we have God-given, God-preserved, God-restorable potential, a potential to be developed, disciplined, and invested in response to God. In a Christian college gaining our education, we are more than just becoming the future job; we are already molded and placed here for a reason, a reason that God knows and one we journey for self discovery. If we do not work on the entire being while we are expanding our minds and stretching the muscle, then how do we expect to become that person that God has placed us here for. We need to not only focus on our education but on the entire being from the spirit within. Why doesnt this all come easily since we are all made in Gods image? Its because we are all human and given free will. The foundation of the theological mandate for Christian involvement in higher education can be focused on four concepts: creation, the human person, truth, and the culture mandate. (Holmes pg 13) Following what Gods will has for us and not to misuse them, value what he has given to us. Truth, if we confess that God is, the all-wise Creator of all, then he has perfect knowledge of everything we ever sought to know or do. All truth is Gods truth, wherever it may be found. (Holmes pg 17) Liberal Arts Liberal art teaches you to think. We are taught many things in our education that may not have anything to do with our career directly. These other classes allow our minds to grow and stretch in all areas of real life. Vocations and jobs are made for people, not people for vocations and jobs. The question to ask about an education is not what can I do with it? but  rather what is it doing to me as a person? (Holmes pg 25) When we go off to college, we are going with fresh minds to be taught and molded into our future career. Liberal education is an open invitation to join the human race and become more fully human. (Holmes pg 35) Understanding liberal arts and how the purpose of it will enrich our lives further within our career goals is very helpful in succeeding in the world. The most embracing contact between Christianity and human learning is the all-encompassing world and life view. The contemporary university tends to concentrate on the parts rather than the whole and to come away with a fragmented view of life that lacks overall meaning. (Holmes pg 57) The Result of an Educated Person What would a well-rounded, educated person look like, be like, and know? To train specifically for just one job and not allow yourself the freedom to educate your whole being will only limit you in the future. To cover and explore a range of capacities that help you feel part of a whole human race, develop yourself not just into a farmer or a physician or a businessman, but as a human being. Be reflective and moral in everything you do. Become a thoroughly responsible agent; that is the mark of an educated person. (Holmes pg 101) Fostering morals and virtues, believing in the quality of life, and applying those in our education, as well and learning from our experiences will enlighten us as humans. Taking the gifts that God has given to us and by his freeing us from the bondage of sin, we move forward with realistic hope. Faith, love, and hope bring to life purposefulness, expectations, and humility. (Holmes pg 102) After reading this book I have found that there is much more to having an education. I have focused my attention on just one thing becoming a nurse. My life experience of working in the hospital is to have core values such as understanding, honesty, faith, and openness. When Arthur Holmes writes Not just verbal skills and powers of communication but grace and eloquence therein as well, the ability to say the right thing in the right way at the right time, it reminds me of my blessings. (Holmes pg 103). If  we put god first in our lives everything else will fall into place for us such as, work and school. By going to a Christian college I found I am learning how to educate my spirit.

The Effects of Stigma and Labeling on Mental Illness Patients and Their

Mental Illness, that name conjures up a vast array of frightening images in the minds of the general public and media; an unfair image that is stigmatizing for the sufferer. The stigma is also pervasive in the mental health field, where patients who receive treatment are sometimes treated unfairly by the practitioners, who are supposed to help them in the first place. This is what my paper will discuss, the effects of stigma and labeling on patients and their families. I have culled many sources from scholarly papers, that back up my claim. I will describe what I thought of about the articles and how they pertain to the main points I am trying to make. In our society today, mental health treatment is considered to be much more humane and scientific, rather than the barbaric treatment given to mental health patients in the past. Although the psychiatric profession has considerably advanced, there seems to be a growing consensus from many mental health consumers and families, that the stigma of the past is still present in the treatment of mental illness today. It is considered inhumane to deprive someone in getting adequate treatment for their mental illness, but that is what is happening to many disabled mental health consumers. The majority of mental health consumers cannot afford to get the advanced treatment that is available to them, unless they either have enough money or good insurance coverage; most however do not. It is usually impossible to get into the specialty psychiatric clinics, like Stanford and UCLA, where treatment is very advanced and up-to date, therefore consumers have to be treated often within the county's mental health system; which is very rated very poor. In the article published by: Sharon Bowland, ... ...ple with mental disorders. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(3), 183-200. doi:10.1080/00048670802653349. Kondrat, D., & Teater, B. (2009). An anti-stigma approach to working with persons with severe mental disability: Seeking real change through narrative change. Journal of Social Work Practice, 23(1), 35-47. doi:10.1080/02650530902723308. Rao, H., Mahadevappa, H., Pillay, P., Sessay, M., Abraham, A., & Luty, J. (2009). A study of stigmatized attitudes towards people with mental health problems among health professionals. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing, 16(3), 279-284. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01369.x. Wesselmann, E., & Graziano, W. (2010). Sinful and/or possessed? Religious beliefs and mental illness stigma. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 29(4), 402-437. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.

Microfinance for Poverty Reduction Essay

INTRODUCTION Microfinance is not something new in Malaysia. It has been operated by credit unions, co-operative banks and specialised credit windows of banks. Microfinance services of financial credit range for about RM10,000 (USD2,631) and mostly to finance small businesses, agricultural loans and loans for poverty reduction. Microfinance program in Malaysia has been implemented since 1987 as one of the poverty eradication strategies in the country. There are three large microfinance institutions in Malaysia namely AIM, YUM and TEKUN that targeted to different groups of people. Each of the microfinance institution has its own lending systems and has been subsidized by the government since their existence. Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), council of trust to the Bumiputera and Credit Guarantee Corporation (CGC) are some of the pioneers to introduce microfinance loans to its borrowers. The rural credit institutions comprising of Agriculture Bank of Malaysia (BPM), Farmers Organisation Authority (LPP), Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), and agro-based Co-operative Societies provide micro credit for the agriculture sectors. There are a number of non-government organisations (NGOs) that engaged in microfinance. These include Yayasan Usaha Maju operating in Sabah, Koperasi Kredit Rakyat in Selangor and the best and significantly known microfinance institution (MFI) is Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM). Background of the study This study research about microfinance and its strategy to reduce the poverty among Malaysia’s citizen. Microfinance was introduced in Malaysia during the last three decades. Two types of institutions namely banking institutions and non-bank institutions offer microfinance programs. Banking institutions that offer microfinance products are Public Bank, AM Bank, EONCAP Islamic Bank, CIMB Bank, Alliance Bank, United Overseas Bank, Bank Simpanan Nasional, Agro Bank and Bank Rakyat. The issue of poverty has been a major concern to many nations, particularly the developing countries. Poverty has been defined as a situation where a population or a section of the population is able to meet only its bare subsistence, the essentials of food, clothing and shelter, in order to maintain a minimum standard of living (Balogun, 1999). Low productivity and poorly functioning markets for agricultural outputs are among the causes of poverty as indicated in the government’s poverty reduction strategy paper. Small scale farmers rely on rudimentary methods and technology and they have limited skills and inputs such as improved seeds that would increase yields. Rural poverty in Malaysia Remarkable progress has been achieved in poverty eradication in Malaysia. In the early 1970’s almost half of households were classified as poor while in 1997 the incidence of poverty had significantly declined to 6.1% However, the crisis brought a slight upward swing at 8.1% in 1998. Efforts by the Malaysian government to counter the effects of the crisis bore positive results when the incidence of poverty was reduced to 7.5% in 1999. By 2005, the incidence of poverty was targeted to reduce further to 0.5% (Abdul Rahman Hasan and Sa’idah Hashim, 2001). Poverty is both a social and an economic problem. Eradicating poverty from society is everyone’s dream but in reality it is still around even in economically developed countries. Governments have responsibilities to eradicate the poverty or, at least reduce poverty rates. In fact, poverty reduction is everyone’s social responsibility. This is significant because Malaysia is shifting towards an industrialized economy and starting to enjoy economic growth but there are still so many people who are under the poverty line. Definition of terms 1. Microfinance Microfinance is a provision of a broad range of financial services such as savings, credit, insurance and payment services to the poor or low-income group who are excluded from the normal banking sectors (Ledgerwood, 1999). While, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) defined microfinance as the provision of small loans/financing ranging from RM1,000 up to RM50,000 (USD16,129) to microenterprises or self-employed individuals, for their business activities. Microfinancing is meant for business financing only, such as for working capital and for capital expenditure. It is not a personal loan. Microfinance is defined as the provision of financial services to low-income clients, including consumers and the self- employed, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services (Gonzalez-Vega, 2008). Microfinance is a place for the poor and near poor clients to get access to a high quality financial service, which include not just credit but also savings, insurance and fund transfer. However, Conroy (2002) stated that microfinance is the provision of a broad range of financial services such as deposits, loans, payment services, money transfers, and insurance to poor and low-income households and their micro-enterprises. The term evolved from the concepts of â€Å"microcredit† and â€Å"microenterprise† financing, to include the importance of savings as well as borrowing. Although the terms are used interchangeably, microfinance represents the field as a whole, while the other two terms are more technical and refer only to credit provision (Maria, 2004). The World Bank defines microfinance as â€Å"†¦. Small-scale financial services – primarily credit and savings – provided to people who farm or fish and who operate small enterprises or microenterprises where goods are produced, recycled, repaired, or sold; who provide services; who work for wages or commissions; who gain income from renting out small amounts of land, vehicles, draft animals, or machinery and tools; and to other individuals and groups at the local levels of developing countries, both rural and urban† (Robinson, 2001). Microfinance activities usually involve giving small loans to customers for working capital, group guarantees, compulsory savings, insurance and access to repeat loans for a larger amount based on repayment performance. 2. Poverty A state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of life and well-being that’s considered acceptable in society. According to Carlton G. Davis (1977), â€Å"the word poverty has assumed a multiplicity of meanings at different times and places. Moreover, the term now has different meanings for different persons even within the same academic discipline.† For Marshall (1998), poverty is â€Å"a state in which resources, usually materials but sometimes cultural, are lacking. It is common to distinguish between absolute and relative definitions of poverty. Poverty defined in absolute terms refers to a state in which the individual lacks the resources necessary for subsistence. Relative definitions, frequently favored by sociologists, refer to the individual’s or group’s lack of resources when compared with that of other members of the society†¦in other words their relative standar d of living.† The causes of poverty are sometimes pointed to areas where business establishments are not successful and the poor depend on assistance from government and agencies. PROBLEM STATEMENT Poverty is a harsh and undesired phenomenon in mankind. Reducing, if possible eradicating poverty is unquestionable. Thus, microfinance programs have been considered as one of the main instruments in poverty reduction in recent development agenda. It has been observed that microfinance play a major role to the socio-economic development and alleviating poverty. Rural banks and micro finance institutions were established in response to the need and the demand to make institutional credit and banking services available to small-scale farmers and rural entrepreneurs. Microfinance institutions were created to operate using local initiatives and local commitment to mobilize resources locally and to lend them to deserving customers using simplified procedures and eligibility criteria. However, microfinance institutions are faced with lots of problems of saving mobilization, and utilization of funds. For instance there is lack of knowledge in risk management, long procedures accessing funds and others. According to David Hulme, microfinance has become an increasingly important component of strategies to reduce poverty. However, knowledge about the achievements of such initiatives remains contested. While some researchers argued that microfinance has positive economic and social impact on the poor, others warn of its negative impacts on the poor. Still others in the middle contend that microfinance indeed has a positive impact, but not on the poorest, as is so often claimed. Therefore, this research, is to analysis and see how microfinance is used as an effective poverty reduction strategy in Malaysia. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The main objective of the study is to examine the impact of microfinance in poverty reduction in Malaysia. The specific objectives are to: 1. Find out the role of microfinance in poverty alleviation or reduction. 2. To show how microfinance works, by using group lending methodology for reducing poverty 3. To find out the impact of microfinance on poverty reduction 4. To examine the challenges or barriers to credit delivery by microfinance institutions. 5. To use the services/products of microfinance with good. Research questions The guiding research question is ‘to what extent and in which way microfinance services of the two cases can lead to poverty reduction in Malaysia?’ Based on this guiding question, it is hoped that the study will answer the following specific questions: 1. What are the role(s) of microfinance in poverty alleviation or reduction in the country? 2. What is the effectiveness of microfinance institutions in the country? 3. What are the impacts of microfinance on poverty reduction? 4. What are the challenges faced by microfinance institutions in the country? Limitations While interviewing the people, we have faced problems in explaining the questions as most of the people, who are involved in microfinance program, are illiterate and living in villages. Therefore, it was too difficult to make them understand some of the technical terms: like capital, income etc. Due to the non-co-operative attitude of some of the respondents, the number of people given questionnaire was smaller than the researcher had originally intended. Financial constrain also affected the effort of the researcher thereby, making it difficult for the researcher to gather the necessary data. Time constraint was also limiting factor for the researcher. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY A study of this nature would make a significant contribution by assisting government and other stakeholders to find lasting solutions to problems facing micro financing in the country. The study is very significant because it will add to the existing literature or the research has added to the stock of books and works already written on microfinance in Malaysia. The study will help Micro Finance Institutions to put in place flexible policies and programs that will help SMEs to access their facilities to ensure its development and expansion. ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT PAPER The study consists of three chapters. The first chapter consists of the background to the study, significance of the study, definition of terms, statement of the problem, Objective of the study, research questions, and limitations of study and lastly the organization of the study. Chapter two deals with literature review of concept relevant to the study. While in chapter three, deals with the methodology adopted to conduct he research. This chapter deals with issues such as the research design, population and sample size, instrument, procedures, proposed data analysis and summary.

My Home Town

Belgrade is my hometown which is the largest city in Serbia and the capital. There are several tourists attraction in my hometown, such as Skadarlija, the National Museum, and across from these attractions you can find the National Theatre, Students Square, the Old Palace and several monuments, parks and other museums. The city’s nightlife is wild and exciting for those who enjoy that type of lifestyle. Many young tourists enter the city for the purpose of enjoying the grand nightlife that Belgrade offers.Very often clubs are still operating until dawn in the city and some of the most popular places of interest is the barges that is spread out by the banks of the Sava and Danube Rivers. Belgrade, Serbia is the home of the main head quarters of the national broadcaster Radio-Television Serbia-RTS. They are currently trying to convert this to a public service broadcaster. You can also find the RTS music publishing operation in my hometown. You can find incredible architectural d esigns in Belgrade. There are still Oriental buildings standing in the city spread out over the city.You can also find more modern styles of designs for buildings and homes, which are just as spectacular. Belgrade has a transport system that consists of trams, trolleybuses and regular buses that carry people across the city. Belgrade, Serbia is the twin city to Chicago, Illinois and I guess you can guess that these two cities have much in common. Both cities are extremely busy and offer the residents and visitors many places to visit. Sports are very popular in my hometown. There are too many sports facilities to count and some have said that there is close to 1,000 facilities where sports are played.My city hosted many great sports events, such as the 2005 European Volleyball Championship, the 2005 Eurobasket and the 2006 European Water polo Championship. In the year 2007, Belgrade Serbia will host the European Youth Olympic Festival and in the year, 2009, they will host the Summer Universaide, which was a huge honor since it was selected over other countries, like Poznan and Monterrey. We have two great football clubs which are Red Star Brigade and FK Partisan, along with other first league clubs. Belgrade houses the Marakana, or the Red Star Stadium, which is a major stadium in the city and we also have the Partizan Stadium.Belgrade is the home of the Belgrade Arena where basketball matches are held. You can also find the Pionir Hall and the Tasmajdan Sports Center, where water polo matches are played. We have two state universities in Belgrade and many private schools throughout our city. One of the oldest educational institutions in our city of Belgrade is the Teacher’s College which dates back to the year, 1689. The economy in Belgrade, Serbia has been getting better since the year, 2000. The internationally imposed Trade Embargo caused the economy to decline for a long period of time, in the 1990s.In Belgrade, you will discover many Serbs, Croats , Muslims, Roma, Yugoslavs and Montenegrins. Many of the residents of Belgrade, came from other countries who were seeking a better way of life for themselves and their families. Some of these people ran from their countries as refugees from war and ethnic cleansing. Belgrade is divided into subdivisions. There are 17 municipalities, 10 that have urban status and seven that have suburban status. You can find that most of the municipalities are located on the southern area of the rivers, which are the Danube and the Sava, located in the Sumadija area of Belgrade, Serbia.Most of these municipalities can be found on the south side of the Danube and Sava Rivers. There are three municipalities, which are the Novi Beograd, the Zemun and the Surcin which can be found on the north side of the Sava River, in the Syrmia area of Belgrade. The municipality of Palilula is located on both banks of the Danube River, which is located in the Sumadija and Banat areas, in Serbia. Belgrade has a modera te, continental climate. The hottest month in Belgrade is July and the second hottest month would be August.In these two months, the sun shines for an average of ten hours a day, unlike the months of December and January, which on receive two to three hours of sunshine per day. My hometown of Belgrade has received many prestigious honors, such as the French Legion of Honor, the Serbian Karadorde’s Star with Swords, the Czechoslovak War Cross and the former Yugoslavian Order of the National Hero. In the year, 2006, Belgrade was awarded the incredible title of â€Å"City of the Future of Southern Europe† by the Financial Times of London. This award was quite an honor for the entire city of Belgrade.

Service Quality Of Kuala Lumpur Public Transports Tourism Essay Essay Example

Service Quality Of Kuala Lumpur Public Transports Tourism Essay Essay Example Service Quality Of Kuala Lumpur Public Transports Tourism Essay Essay Service Quality Of Kuala Lumpur Public Transports Tourism Essay Essay 1.0. Background of the narrative The definition of service quality means client perceptual experience on how good does a service can run into or transcend the outlook ( Czepiel 1990 ) . As for the words public conveyance itself, it is being describes as a vehicle that caters the rider to make a finish and every use of this peculiar public transit will be charge with a lower limit or a particular menus to each rider at the same times. In conveyance, there are a particular word being known as mobility it is normally defined as the ability to travel anything for illustration like people, goods and other populating thing or non living thing from one topographic point to another topographic point and it is measured by the figure of trips made by a individual each twenty-four hours ( Vasconcellos, 2001 ) whereas personal mobility refers to the usage of personal conveyance ; it can be a auto or a bike or others. The term of public is widely used ; this term is non considered as secret or private, the term itself unfas tened to or refering the people as a whole, sharing their really ain common involvement with everybody. Based on Md Aftabuzzaman, Graham Currie, Majid Sarvi, the chief urban public conveyance job is the route traffic congestion and this is one of the ground why people do non exchange to utilizing public conveyance ( Cervero 1991 ; Downs 1992 ) . By holding public conveyance system, efficient public conveyance ( PT ) can be regard as one of the possible solutions that can work out the job of urban route traffic congestion ( Hyman and Mayhew 2002, ; Pucher et Al. 2007 ; Vuchic 1999. The chief public conveyance such as coachs, taxis, trains was provided by the authorities towards the populace s usage. For convenient of people who are remaining in urban and rural countries ( White 2002 ) , authoritiess have provided a better service quality to people to do certain the service they provided are able to fulfill the consumer demands and outlook every bit good as to increase the degree of service quality of public conveyance. In public conveyance, service quality can be focus in term of tangib les, dependability and reactivity ( Parasuraman et. al. , 1985 ) and it has becomes a important issues which is to hold a better and comfy environment. Mostly clients do non fulfill with the physical installations in public conveyance. Cleanliness, comfortableness, frequences, reactivity of the driver and music director of public conveyances are the major issues client ever ailments and disappointed on it. Besides that, buses largely non provided convenience installations such as wheelchair, which is needed for disable individual. However, Malaysia Prime Minister himself dissatisfied with the current issues and jobs after being experienced on utilizing the LRT service. Problems for Light Rail Transit ( LRT ) and Keretanapi Tanah Melayu ( KTM ) are the clip reaching ever holds and non to bury, service likes promptness, frequences of train arrives on clip and insufficient of infinite to transport riders are besides the chief issues that caused congestion occurs ( Utusan 2008 ) . Even though the public transit is modernized and has been updated in urban countries but with the lacking of service quality and well-implemented by the authorities, it will take a negative perceptual experience tot the clients and they wo nt fulfill of utilizing public conveyance service that they provided which are deficient and inefficiency ( Karen Thompson, Peter Schofield 2002 ) . Despite the routing scheduled saying the coach would get on every 15 proceedingss but users has been waiting the half an hr and yet the coach still non ar rives. This is one of the promptness jobs faced by the public coachs in Malaysia ( The Star 2008 ) . Another incident occurred in urban country Kuala Lumpur, which are included LRT train and Rapid KL. The train and coach colliding with each other in 200 metre from Bukit Jalil Station ( The Star 2008 ) . This shows that the safety measuring of public conveyances become worst and action should be taken into consideration. Transit service quality and dependability is indispensable for theodolite riders and it did shown that both factors do impact rider satisfaction well ( Tyrinopoulos, 2008 ) . Furthermore, transit service dependability respect as one of the important factor for commuters to make up ones mind on which types of public transit they prefer to utilize the most ( Benjamin, 1998 ) . Due to inefficiency of system, coachs did non get on clip, going holds, missing of rider seats, therefore, these factors would do rider overloads. Commuters would more preferred to drive their ain vehicles alternatively of utilizing public conveyance to entree to work, diversion, school during the peak service periods. It must be given excess attending on inefficiency system of coachs in order to bettering the dependability towards of riders and commuters. However, service extension would nt be necessary if the rider burden was every bit distributed and coachs were on a regular basis spaced plenty. Harmonizing to Margareta Friman and Markus Felleson, new services of public conveyance are being developed and old services are being improved or upgraded in order to run into the possible and present client s demand. To promote more people to utilize the public conveyance, services should be designed and performed in a manner to run into the degrees of service required by clients ( Beirao and Sarsfield Cabral 2007 ) . In add-on, there are few factors of how clients perceive public conveyance. Factors such as frequence, dependability, travel clip and menu degree ( Hensher et al. 2003, Tyrinopoulos and Aifadopoulou 2008 ) , comfort and cleanliness ( Eboli and Mazzulla 2007, Swanson et Al. 1997 ) , web coverage or distance to halt ( Eriksson et al. 2009, Tyrinopoulos and Antoniou 2008 ) , and safety issues ( Smith and Clarke 2000, Fellesson and Friman 2008 ) are the chief factors for users do non utilize the public conveyance and besides client express their points of position approxim ately services every bit good as to supplying judgement of public conveyance harmonizing to the service quality. Harmonizing to Tew Shi Yi, to heighten the per centum degree of utilizing public transit, they managed to come up with a program which is to offer an effectual, accurate and user-friendly system for users particularly for the citizens of Kuala Lumpur and it so conveying the important benefits to the populace. Laura Eboli and Gabriella Mazzulla, one of the factors act uponing the travel user picks to utilize the public conveyance is the theodolite service quality. Those clients who manage to utilize the theodolite service, they will likely utilize theodolite services once more. In contrast, users may non utilize the theodolite services following clip if they are non capable to utilize it good. However, bettering the service quality is of import for pulling new users. Harmonizing to Che Rosmani Che Hassan, Mahar Diana Hamid, Norazlin Dzulkifly, Noor Zalina Mahmood, coach is one of the chief options of mass transit as it is non merely has better coverage countries such as Light Rail Tra nsit ( LRT ) and commuter train but besides cheaper for public to utilize it. Besides, they found out that bing coach interchanges frequently inadequate to run into the turning demands of clients. There are 1000s of people use the coach interchanges around Kuala Lumpur to make their finish in a twenty-four hours. Such interchanges are Hentian Puduraya, Hentian Duta, Klang Bus Stand and more. Based on research made by the pupil from the University Malaya, the study consequences happens to be true that, the ground why do most of the Malaysian used private autos alternatively of Public Transportation were chiefly, they lack of cognition about the handiness of the public transit around their country. Not familiar on how to utilize the public transit. Although there are several types of public conveyance but yet people instead to drive their ain auto and stuck in the traffic jam for few hours than utilizing with public conveyance that might somehow causes jobs when it is less unannounced. However, authorities has comes up with a program which is to present a new set of traffic direction policy steps to advance the usage of public conveyance. To promote the occupants to utilize the public conveyance, several installations has been provided by the authorities in public conveyance station such as excess parking infinites are added nearby the public conveyance station so that peo ple can park their auto and sit easy, bus bird from coach halt to the train station or add more coach or train frequences in either vicinity or the metropolis country. Ng Choy Peng and Dadang Mohamed MASEOM, private vehicles have led to severe congestion and pollution. Kuala Lumpur foremost started to run the light rail theodolite ( LRT ) in 1996 following by the STAR LRT and PUTRA LRT. These are the two LRT systems that operate in Kuala Lumpur after LRT. It has been found that most of the LRT Stationss in Kuala Lumpur countries provide unequal parking infinite and this is one of the ground public do non exchange to utilizing public conveyance. However, to advance the usage of public conveyance, the local governments recommended bettering the bing coach services like bus lane demands to develop even better and so on. As for the building of the commuter train, it must be well-developed and to do certain light railroad theodolite ( LRT ) is able to provide the demand of occupants from suburban country to urban country. Last but non least, it is besides shown that the public transit today face a really large negative impact from all the consumer and rider that travels around with the public conveyance, this proven a consequence that the public transit has show a batch inefficiency services that provided by each company, hapless connexion from certain finish to a finish itself. 1.2 Research Problem The job sing to this proposal is the client perceptual experience service quality towards public conveyance in Kuala Lumpur. This research is to happen our factors that act uponing clients non to utilize with the public conveyance. Researcher found out that private autos has become the chief pick of traveller s manner of conveyance is because they dissatisfied with the service quality such as dependability, cleanliness and comfortableness, installations, travel menu and clip of the public conveyance. There might hold been frequent ailments from the commuters and riders that the public conveyance did non supply a good service such as going ever delays, deficient rider s seats and others. Most of them deficiency of cognition about the handiness of the public transit around their country. Consumer does non cognize the exact travelling clip and continuance from the beginning to the finish itself and non familiar on how to utilize the public transit. So hence most of them would non take t he hazard into taking public transit as their manner of conveyance. Besides that, they are easy confused on what type of conveyance to utilize to make their finish ; somewhat it is due to there are excessively many picks of public transit to take from in Kuala Lumpur. Furthermore, the consumer does non desire to blow clip waiting for the transit with no exact geting clip mundane when they own a private auto where they do non worries anything about the handiness of the auto, the going continuance, and it is far more accessible from clip to clip. 1.3 Research Question What are the factors that affect public non to utilizing public conveyance in Kuala Lumpur? How does the service and demands can be improved? What is the extension degree of the service attributes must be improved in the hereafter? What is the overall satisfaction degree of users to public conveyance? What is the point of service quality that leads to client satisfaction? 1.4 Research Aims The chief intent of the aim for this proposal is to mensurate the user s planetary satisfaction with public conveyance every bit good as to analyze the client perceptual experience of utilizing Kuala Lumpur public conveyance harmonizing to certain factors. The chief point of this research is to happen out what is the degree of outlook perceptual experience of Kuala Lumpur clients about service of public conveyance delivered and what sort of services that affect most of the people do non utilize public conveyance. It is really of import to happen out how does the service and demands can run into the client s satisfaction, any betterment for authorities to keep the public conveyance, factors authorities would take into consideration in make up ones minding to utilize public conveyance more or thrust less in order to promote and advance people, particularly the citizens of Kuala Lumpur to utilize public conveyance services more frequently. Government should update the latest information such as possible paths coverage, going and arrival clip of the public conveyance and travel menu to the user. Suggested path will be giving out to the users to guarantee users utilizing public conveyance in a shortest clip and cheapest manner with a limited budget to make the finish itself. Aims of this research are: To find the ground for public to take to go with private auto but non utilizing public conveyance in Kuala Lumpur. To place the types of service and demands to run into the client s satisfaction. To place the extent spread of between the client s perceptual experience and outlook. To place the best solution to better the service quality of the public transit, like more seats and comfy seats. Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework Basically, the above diagram is the research shows how readers are to find the factors that encourage auto users switch from driving auto to utilizing public transit in Kuala Lumpur more frequently. Factors that can promote the auto users to exchange and utilize the public transit are to upgrade and spread out the service quality of that peculiar transit. For illustration, KTMB need to set in a batch of attempt into upgrading their services, particularly during the peak clip ( working hours ) so that the consumer can entree to it with hassle free. Customer satisfactions are besides an of import facet in the client perceptual experience, in order to do the client satisfied into utilizing the transit are to do certain that comfort are at that place, the warm service are they and handiness are environing the populace conveyance itself. Furthermore are the Reliability of Public Transport, in order to do the public transit a dependable one, the direction of the transit company, must ever upgrading their services and expand their services, so that the consumer can experience dependable towards the peculiar transit. Diagram above is the theoretical account of conceptual model, which is exemplifying the relationship between service and quality development, client satisfaction, reactivity, route handinesss of public conveyance, dependability of public conveyance ( geting on clip ) , and the care from clip to clip to public conveyance. 1.6 Significant of survey This research helps to indentify bing job of what factors encourage auto user s switch to utilize public conveyance which may take to the satisfaction of auto users. Through this research, the authorities has to set its attempt to do an betterment on the public conveyance system such as development of an integrated and efficient public conveyance system. Action should be taken into consideration to upgrade the public conveyance to auto users in order to run into the demands and supply an efficiency services which will give client a broad position of satisfaction particularly focuses on the enlargement of Light Rail Transit ( LRT ) and commuter train services. By making this, it will non merely helpful and utile at this clip and future planning every bit good. The consequence of this research will better the auto user s satisfaction. In the interim, this planning will promote more people to utilize public conveyance. Furthermore, it does helps to indentify extra alterations that can b e done to avoid farther impacts to the current site emphasized in this survey. Scope and Restrictions The range of survey is the public perceptual experience towards Kuala Lumpur public conveyance. Due to the clip restraint, the research worker might non able to garner beginnings of the information from diaries, on-line diaries, farther inside informations, and newspapers. Beside of this, the research worker besides confronting some troubles on the research paper because of the short clip provided on the research procedure. Obviously, it is caused by the deficiency of resource that provided in KDU library and the research worker besides confronting some troubles on acquiring the further inside informations information about public conveyance in Kuala Lumpur with a restriction of resources. It besides caused by the informations that provided in KDU library is non the latest and the informations did nt up to day of the month on a regular basis. Chapter 2 Reappraisal of Related Literature 2.1. Factors act uponing the client perceptual experience service quality towards Public Transport in Kuala Lumpur This reappraisal indicates that efficient public conveyance ( PT ) considered as one of the possible solutions to the job of urban route traffic congestion ( Hyman and Mayhew 2002, ; Pucher et Al. 2007 ; Vuchic 1999 ) .The factors that act uponing the client perceptual experience towards public transit are chiefly because of the times due to the apparently break down and the hold of train all the clip, the client do non desire to take the hazard taking public transit without taking the public transit, it will assist cut down the clip of going and can avoid the malfunction of the public transit all the clip The 2nd factor that influence their perceptual experience are crowded and comfort, due to the public transit are ever crowded, there are some of the client that afraid to take the public transit, ground are because they have to be inside the public conveyance hot and airless, sometimes will occurred instances like sexual torment towards the adult female that travel utilizing the public transit. Not merely that, when it is excessively crowded some of the client unable to bask the seats due to miss of seats and besides when there are excessively many people sometimes it will do sleepiness when non plenty air ventilate in the coach, train or taxi itself. The 3rd factor that influence the client into taking the public transit are the desirable paths are non covered by the public transit, it is merely covers some portion of the metropolis, suburban countries and town but non to most of the topographic points, it is difficult for those client to go utilizing public transit when some of the finish that offers by the populace conveyance itself need transportations and besides necessitate walking. The last factors that influence the client perceptual experience are the infrequent public transit. There are public conveyance that travels follow the clip that set by the system, illustration like KTM there are a board saying that what clip precisely will the train itself will get, but the train ever reach late and neer follow. So as the Monorail and besides the Star LRT which provides the incorrect information of clip all the clip? As for Putra LRT, is the lone rail that shows the right timing due to the, system will update its timing once the trains reach certain finish? Based on Apogee Research ( 1996 ) , there are three chief tools cardinal to the appraisal of public conveyance such as travel demand theoretical accounts, conveyance cost analysis techniques, conveyance study planning and impact spreadsheets and each of the tools will hold their ain benefits and disbenefits. 2.2. Service Quality Surprisingly, few surveies have so far analyzed this relationship. The construct of service quality involved results, satisfaction of the users, and other intangibles of public conveyance outlooks. In add-on, installations and more touchable facet of public conveyances physical elements are besides one of the construct of service quality ( Fodness A ; Murray, 2007 ) . Service quality besides involves the perceptual experience and outlook of the service degree delivered to the user which is meets their demands. Some theoretical accounts have been developed that effort to associate sensed quality dimensions to specific merchandise attributes in the merchandise development literature ( Hauser and Clausing 1988, Nagamachi 1995 ) . Government should increase the capacity of the public transit, the deficiency of seats is what trouble oneselfing the client and why they do non sit on public transit because it is tired to stand all the clip. The service quality of the public conveyance is no n truly executed good. For illustration: The Light Rail Transit ( LRT ) and Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad ( KTMB ) ever delays, deficient infinite to transport more rider seats and this is one of the ground caused the congestion occurred ( Utusan, 2008 ) . Should besides believe of refurbish each and every of the station and Michigans and put in the service which necessary for the convenience of all the client and comfort while waiting for the public conveyance. Not merely that they environment of the public transit are good, but besides the driver, staff and the 1 who work in the service line must possess a good bosom in assisting and helping. Cleanliness and comfy of public conveyance are the chief visual aspects for users. Normally, users will concentrate on the cleanliness of inside, seats, and Windowss of the public conveyance. Therefore, the direction has to do certain the equipment is up to day of the month and in working order every bit good as the waiting countries were suitably furnished, cleaned and good all the times. Employees and staffs of the public conveyance must ever possess with batch of accomplishments and cognition on the service production in order to supply a better services to users. One of the measurings in ser vice quality is the inside of the public conveyance, which is considered as the physical visual aspects ( Parasuraman, et. al. , 1988 ) . 2.3. Dependability of Public Transport Harmonizing to Beimborn et Al. ( 1993 ) , it is of import to supply a model for benefit analysis and described the measuring techniques after reexamining the rule and issue for public conveyance benefit measuring. Reliability is concentrating on frequences and promptness of the populace conveyance which is arrives on clip and able to run into the outlook of the users. It means the ability to execute the promised service which are more faithfully and accurately ( Parasuraman, et. al. , 1988 ) . Reliability of Public Transport is an of import facet, in order to derive the trust and the satisfaction of consumer. The public transit itself must ever understand what the client demand, like be punctual all the clip, do certain that there are no troubles happen, no excessive menus being imposed at the invitee or tourer. When there are a shorter manner to make the finish itself, do nt seek another longer manner to increase the far. Bing honest all the clip, this manner, it will do the client happy and thinks that the public transit is dependable and besides will gives a positive impact to the public perceptual experience and outlook. 2.4 Customer Satisfaction ( Richter et al. 2008a, 2008b ) to run into possible and present clients demands, quality investings that truly raise the sensed service public presentation sing these properties constitute an of import issue. In order to do the client satisfied towards the public transit, the direction must ever update their service and besides their conveyance, so that the rider can bask a comfort and happy drive. Staffs must ever supply an efficiency service to the clients. With a sensible menu, comfort, cleanliness and easy entree to a finish or topographic point through the scheduled, clients will derive the assurance of utilizing public conveyance alternatively of driving their ain vehicle. Passenger takes the public transit due to a batch of ground and the ground that drives them to take it. In order to keep the rider keeps taking the public transit ever do certain that there are no jobs occurred during the drive or before the drive. Try making study to study on the consumer on what can be upgrade and what can they make to do the client more satisfied. 2.5. Responsiveness Harmonizing to ( Parasuraman, et. al. , 1988 ) , another quality of dimension in mensurating service quality is responsiveness. It means the willingness of the staff or employee to assist the clients and to supply a better and prompt service to clients at the same clip. However, the attitude of the driver or staff in public conveyance must be ever possess with a good behaviour. Staff and driver are required to act in niceness and friendly with the clients alternatively of demoing choler or discourtesy to the clients. The manner they speak to the clients and the manner they give client a manus are of import in the service quality of reactivity. In malice of this, it indicates that clients or user perceptual experience and outlook to the service quality in the public conveyance are become more of import and could nt be neglected by the direction. 2.6. Path Handinesss With the demand for public transit is deriving twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, the coach operator and rail operator must believe of making new coach paths and besides train paths to allow the client entree to other topographic points which are barely had any transit entree to it. Particularly now the authorities had come out with an thought of constructing public transit for Cheras and besides Kota Damansara rail line. Even though the coach caters largely to all the paths in Klang Valley, whether it is deep inside or outside the boundaries, but there are still some of the route that still haven accessible by the coach and besides other public transit itself. Even though some of the topographic point had already available for public transit but some of it needs interchanges, this will trouble oneself the client for altering or reassign to another station. 2.6. Care From Time to Clock Servicess that are dependent on already-existing, complex systems of substructure and organisational agreements are likely to necessitate a different logic ( cf. de Brentani 1995, 2001 ) . For a better public transit consequences and pull more and more people into taking public transit, what a operating company must make are to do certain that they ever check their conveyance. Make certain that care do from clip to clip to do the train or coach or even taxi interrupt down or holding troubles when there are rider that are utilizing the public transit. Because once the train is holding any troubles job, it will take about an hr or two to repair the jobs. With such sort of job will ever gave the client or rider negative feedback towards the public conveyance. Even though it is non ever the negative feedbacks all the clip but is of import to avoid such thing happen. The company must take excess safeguard. Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1. General Methodology Hybrid research attack is the general methodological analysis in this research. The definition of Hybrid research attack is the combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods and these are the two methods research that the research worker used for the proposal. Besides this, it is besides known as a mix of attacks and there are besides some benefits by utilizing this research. The research worker will hold a deeper apprehension and cognition of the consequences when utilizing these two types of method. The efficiencies in clip and cost are besides one of the benefits. Other than that, this research attack allow the research worker to work out the job occurs with the qualitative research. Hybrid research attack can work out the job of unfamiliar to the background of the research. 3.2. Research Design There are two types of methods the research worker used in this research. First, Qualitative method, which is more to observation and besides the informations that collected is fact and unchangeable. The aggregation of the informations will be based on quality and it will be presented in words. The research worker will analyze and construe the information that have been collected through on-line research. Qualitative method is subjective. Due to the perceptual experience of everyone is different from each other. Hence, it is hard to generalise. The research worker will be more understanding by utilizing this method. Quantitative method relies on the research instruments used to roll up and mensurate the information. It is necessary to utilize the quantitative methods in order to understand and grok the nucleus intent of this survey. Both qualitative and quantitative methods will be use as the cardinal focal point of the research method. The study techniques that the research worker used for the qualitative method are to the full stand foring it. On the other manus, the research worker are making interview for the qualitative methods. The respondents for the interview will affect Kuala Lumpur frequent public transit user. Interview allows the research worker to garner more information and besides have a better apprehension on the subject. Researcher non merely can acquire information that is non available in literature method by interview the interviewee every bit good as the questionnaire besides can be tailored to run into the different demands of the respondents. As for the questionnaire, it will be semi-structure and more flexible during the interview. 3.3 Beginnings of Datas 3.3.1 Primary Data At foremost, the primary research is done in order to obtain the natural information from the public straight for the research proposal. For the research portion, the research worker will concentrate on the client perceptual experience service quality towards public transit in Kuala Lumpur and the negative thought of people to utilize public conveyance. Meanwhile, the research worker will happen out methods that are utile to advance and promote more people switch to utilize public conveyance particularly auto users. In this research, a study that incorporating 10 simple multiple picks questionnaire and besides an interview will be utilize it to roll up the primary informations. It takes about 5-10 proceedingss to make full in the study questionnaire for each respondent. There are some picks for each of the inquiries and each respondent merely hold to take one of the replies that they preferred the most. Respondents are required to jotting down their ain remarks in the questionnaire signifier that stated with their ain sentiment towards public conveyance in Kuala Lumpur. This research is utile because all the study signifiers will be collected and gathered by the research worker one time they have done. Besides that, an interview will be carry oning around the Kuala Lumpur City Centre and the group that the research worker targeted would be the all centric and mid-centric. Primary Data is besides collected for this research by questioning the Kuala Lumpur frequent public transit users. The definition of the public transit user will be the Malayan users that use the populace conveyance about every twenty-four hours. Through the interview, they can supply a better thought and personal position which can assist the research worker to derive more information while making the proposal. The interview would affect inquiries asked by the researcher one-on-one to a topic sing the client perc eptual experience towards public conveyance and besides to ask for their sentiment what types of the demand can run into the satisfaction of public transit users. The targeted group of the populace for this interview would be college pupils selected indiscriminately. The research worker will roll up and analyse the information from the interview and utilize it to back up the consequence of quantitative informations. 3.3.2 Secondary Data Besides utilizing the primary researches, secondary researches are used widely in this study by the research worker excessively. Secondary informations defined as the information that acceptable by most of the research workers and the informations will decidedly published in the populace by other research workers. Normally, secondary informations can be easy found on web sites, diary, articles, books, text editions, magazines, and besides some other on-line resources. However, the chief secondary resources that the research worker used in this study are journal and electronic beginnings. The research worker gets the diary from the college library and on-line research every bit good. The research worker will more preferred to roll up the secondary informations that published within few old ages clip. It is because the information that published within few old ages clip is considered as the latest info for the research worker itself and the latest info will assist the research worker t o hold a better analysis and account. Respondents In order to acquiring the sentiment of public perceptual experience towards public transit, an interview is designed to aim the Kuala Lumpur frequent public transit users. The research worker has interviewed two frequent public transit users which are Mr. Alice, Part Time Accountant and Mr. Alex, Operations Manager. They are the people who frequent use public transit more than four times a twenty-four hours. Besides that, they are able to supply the information such as the perceptual experience of client satisfaction, service quality and the handinesss towards the public conveyance conditions is good plenty. The questionnaire studies will be conducted merely for Kuala Lumpur frequent public conveyance users. Journal and website mentions Lee Vien Leong, Jen Sim Ho and Ahmad Farhan Mohd Sadullah. Preference of Travelers for Sustainable Transportation Planning Objectives in Klang Valley, Malaysia. School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia. hypertext transfer protocol: //eprints.usm.my/13606/1/preference_of_travellers.pdf Tew Shi Yi, 11 November 2009. Journey Planner for Public Transport In Kuala Lumpur. University Malaya Kuala Lumpur hypertext transfer protocol: //dspace.fsktm.um.edu.my/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1812/874/Chapter % 201 % 20Introduction.pdf? sequence=1 Md Aftabuzzaman, Graham Currie and Majid Sarvi, Monash University. Measuring the Congestion Relief Impacts of Public Transport in Monetary Footings, Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2010 AÂ © Center for Urban Transportation Research hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nctr.usf.edu/jpt/pdf/JPT13-1Aftabuzzaman.pdf Margareta Friman and Markus Fellesson Karlstad University, Sweden. Service Supply and Customer Satisfaction in Public Transportation. 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Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 33 ( 7 ) 2006 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thefreelibrary.com/Privatisation+of+fixed-rail+transit+systems % 3A+a+case+study+of -a0152179851 Dr.Lawrence Tseu, State Planning Unit, Chief Minister s Office, Sarawak, Urban Transport Growth: The Challenges Ahead-The New Realism And Institutional Changes, 2006 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sabah.gov.my/jpas/news/Conv06/Papers/Pap8_SPU.pdf Mold of Transportation Behavior In Kuala Lumpur hypertext transfer protocol: //dspace.fsktm.um.edu.my/bitstream/1812/859/2/wek060048_Chapter % 202 % 20Literature % 20Review.pdf Bettering Infrastructure, Utilities and urban transit hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/epu/html/rm9/english/Chapter18.pdf Choy Peng Ng and Dagang Mohamad Masome, Civil Engineering Department, The Development of Model Estimation To Determine Parking Needs At LRT Stations in Suburban Area, Journal Vol.5, pp. 877-890, 2005 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.easts.info/on-line/proceedings_05/877.pdf Zaherawati Zakaria, Zaliha Hi Hussin, Mohamed Fajil Abdul Batau and Zuriawati Zakaria. Service Quality of Malaysian Public Transports. Cross-cultural communicating Vol.6, No. 2, 2010, pp. 84-92 ISSN 1712-8358 hypertext transfer protocol: //cscanada.net/index.php/ccc/article/viewFile/1290/pdf_434 Timothy Paul Hutchinson. The client experience when utilizing public conveyance: a reappraisal, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Municipal Engineer 162, September 2009 Issues ME3 Pages 149-157 www.icevirtuallibrary.com/docserver/fulltext/muen162-149.pdf Abdalla Nurdeen Kamba, Riza Atiq O.K.Rahmat, Amiruddin Ismail. Why Do Peoples Use Their Cars: A Case Study In Malaysia? Journal of Social Sciences 3 ( 3 ) : 117-122, 2007 ISSN 1549-3652 AÂ © 2007 Science Publications hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scipub.org/fulltext/jss/jss33117-122.pdf Che Rosmani Che Hassan, Mahar Diana Hamid, Norazlin Dzulkifly and Noor Zalina Mahmood. Hazards Identification At Bus Interchanges in Kuala Lumpur. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol.4, No. 1 ( 2009 ) 47-56 AÂ © School of Engineering, Taylor s University College hypertext transfer protocol: //jestec.taylors.edu.my/Vol % 204 % 20Issue % 201 % 20March % 2009/Vol_4_1_47-56_Rosmani.pdf Leong Lee Vien, Younes Bagheri and Ahmad Farhan Bin Mohd Sadullah. Analysis of Headways on Passenger Loads for Public Services: Case Study of Penang Island, Malaysia. School of Civil Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia. European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.45 No.3 ( 2010 ) , pp.476-483 AÂ © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_45_3_14.pdf Anzmac 2009. The Examination of the Consumer Satisfaction in the Urban Public Transport. Szechenyi Istvan University, Hungary hypertext transfer protocol: //www.duplication.net.au/ANZMAC09/papers/ANZMAC2009-413.pdf Laura Eboli and Gabriella Mazzulla, University of Calabria, Italy. A new Customer Satisfaction Index for Evaluating Transit Service Quality. Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 12, No.3, 3009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nctr.usf.edu/jpt/pdf/jpt12-3eboli.pdf M.Devi Prasad and Dr. B. Raja Shekhar 2010. Impact of Service Quality Management ( SQM ) Practices on Indian Railways- A Study of South Central Railways. International Journal of Business and Management, Vol.5, No.9 ; September 2010. Geetika, Shefali Nandan and Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology 2010. Determinants of Customer Satisfaction on Service Quality: A Study of Railway Platforms in India. Journal of Public Transportation, Vol.13, No. 1, 2010. Mention books Eliot Hurst, Michael E. ( New York, McGraw-Hill [ 1973-c1974 ] , and Transportation Geography: remarks and readings, ( xiv, 528 p.illus. 24cm. ) Page, Stephen. ( Harlow: Longman,1999 ) Transport and tourism/ ( x, 350 p. : ailment, maps ; 24cm. ) Meyer, Michael D. 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